Prevention of Postoperative Urethral Strictures by Irrigation with 5-Fluorouracil via a Modified Urinary Catheter.

Background and Objectives: Urethral strictures are the most common complications after surgical treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite various preventive measures, the search for medications with antiproliferative activity and the development of surgical procedures to prevent the development of urethral strictures are still relevant. We evaluated the preventive efficacy of 5-fluorouracil against urethral strictures in patients undergoing surgery for BPH. Materials and Methods: A non-randomized clinical trial including 246 male patients with an average age of 70.0 ± 8.0 years was conducted. The main study group included 124 patients who, in addition to the standard treatment, received lavage with a 5-fluorouracil solution (1000 mg/20 mL per 500 mL of 0.9% isotonic saline) using a modified three-way urethral catheter. The monitoring of clinical, laboratory, and instrumental parameters was carried out 10 days, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. Results: The evaluation of severity for dysuria symptoms in patients using the IPSS scale throughout the entire follow-up period showed a statistically significant decrease in ischuria and stranguria, prolongation of the interval between urinations, a decrease in intermittent urination, urinary incontinence, and straining before urination in the main group in comparison with the control patients. The patients of both study groups noted an improvement in the quality of life. It was found statistically significant decrease in the maximum urinary flow rate in the main group (p < 0.001). In the control group, after three months, four cases of urethral strictures and stenosis were recorded; after six months, this rate reached nine cases (7.3%), while in the main group, only one patient with infravesical obstruction was found (0.8%) (χ2 = 3.855, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of our study could indicate the effectiveness of the antiproliferative drug 5-fluorouracil in combination with use of a modified catheter in relation to the development of postoperative urethral strictures.

Does primary urethral realignment improve the outcome of pediatric pelvic fracture urethral injury? A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of primary urethral realignment in the prevention of urethral stenosis and in simplifying delayed urethroplasty after complete pelvic fracture urethral injury in male children. METHODS: This randomized comparative trial included 40 boys <18 years with complete pelvic fracture urethral injury. The initial management was a primary urethral realignment in 20 boys and suprapubic cystostomy alone in the remaining 20 boys. The boys who underwent primary urethral realignment were assessed regarding the development of urethral stenosis. Boys who needed to be delayed urethroplasty in the two groups were compared regarding urethral defect length, intraoperative details, postoperative outcomes, number of procedures, and time to achieve normal voiding. RESULTS: Although 14 (70%) patients were able to void after primary urethral realignment, all of them developed urethral stenosis and needed delayed urethroplasty. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was found regarding urethral defect length, intraoperative details, and postoperative outcomes. Patients in the primary urethral realignment group underwent significantly more procedures (p < 0.001) and took a significantly longer time to achieve normal voiding (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Primary urethral realignment is neither able to prevent urethral stenosis nor effective in simplifying later urethroplasty after complete pelvic fracture urethral injury in male children. It exposes the patients to more surgical procedures and a prolonged clinical course.

Rectifying disorder of extracellular matrix to suppress urethral stricture by protein nanofilm-controlled drug delivery from urinary catheter.

Urethral stricture secondary to urethral injury, afflicting both patients and urologists, is initiated by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the submucosal and periurethral tissues. Although various anti-fibrotic drugs have been applied to urethral stricture by irrigation or submucosal injection, their clinical feasibility and effectiveness are limited. Here, to target the pathological state of the extracellular matrix, we design a protein-based nanofilm-controlled drug delivery system and assemble it on the catheter. This approach, which integrates excellent anti-biofilm properties with stable and controlled drug delivery for tens of days in one step, ensures optimal efficacy and negligible side effects while preventing biofilm-related infections. In a rabbit model of urethral injury, the anti-fibrotic catheter maintains extracellular matrix homeostasis by reducing fibroblast-derived collagen production and enhancing metalloproteinase 1-induced collagen degradation, resulting in a greater improvement in lumen stenosis than other topical therapies for urethral stricture prevention. Such facilely fabricated biocompatible coating with antibacterial contamination and sustained-drug-release functionality could not only benefit populations at high risk of urethral stricture but also serve as an advanced paradigm for a range of biomedical applications.

Prevention of urethral fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 using selective Wnt/ß-catenin signaling inhibitors in a rat model.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the anti-fibrotic effects of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling inhibitors on urethral stricture. METHODS: Human fibroblasts were exposed to transforming growth factor beta 1 combined with various concentrations of Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitors (ICG-001, IWR-1, and PRI-724), and cell proliferation and migration were evaluated. Urethral fibrosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by urethral injection of transforming growth factor beta 1 and co-treatement with inhibitors. Urethral tissues were harvested 2 weeks after the injection. The messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression was examined for fibrosis markers Axin-1, collagen type 1, alpha smooth muscle actin, and ß-catenin. Histological analysis of fibrosis and collagen deposition was also performed. RESULTS: Cell migration was ameliorated by ICG-001 and PRI-724. Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expression of collagen type 1 and alpha smooth muscle actin in transforming growth factor beta 1-treated fibroblasts decreased in a concentration-dependent manner with the ICG-001 and PRI-724 treatments (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes with the IWR-1 treatment. Collagen type I and alpha smooth muscle actin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression were both significantly increased in the urethral tissues of rats with transforming growth factor beta 1-induced urethral fibrosis. Rats co-treated with ICG-001 or PRI-724 showed relatively mild fibrosis and significantly reduced collagen type I and alpha smooth muscle actin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ICG-001 and PRI-724 significantly ameliorated urethral fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 in rats. These results suggest that ICG-001 and PRI-724 can be developed as therapeutics for treating urethral stricture.

The Effects and Mechanisms of the Rapamycin-eluting Stent in Urethral Stricture Prevention in Rabbits.

Background: Rapamycin was shown to reduce transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) expression, inhibit the Mammalian target of rapamycin function, and prevent TGF-ß1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Rapamycin-eluting stents (RES) were successfully used to prevent coronary artery restenosis. Urethral stricture is one of the most challenging problems in urology. Thus, combining the pharmacological effects of rapamycin and the mechanical support of the stent on the urethra may prevent urethral stricture formation. However, the use of RES for urethral stricture treatment has not been studied. Aims: To observe the effects of RES in urethral stricture in a rabbit model. Study Design: Animal experimentation. Methods: Twenty adult male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control, urethral stricture model, bare-metal stent, and RES groups. The rabbits in the control group underwent urethroscopy alone without electrocoagulation. The rabbit model of urethral stricture was established by electrocoagulation using a self-made electrocoagulation device under direct vision using ureteroscopy. After model establishment, the rabbits in the bare-metal stent and RES groups received stent placement by ureteroscopy. On day 30, retrograde urethrography was performed to assess urethral stricture formation, ureteroscopy to remove the stents, and histological examinations to assess the degree of fibrosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the expression levels of TGF-ß1, Smad3, and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1). Results: Urethral stricture formation was seen in the model group, whereas not in the bare-metal stent group. The bare-metal stents did not displace but were difficult to remove. In the RES group, RES was dislodged in itself at postoperative day 27 in one rabbit, whereas successfully removed by ureteroscopy in the remaining four rabbits, and urethral stricture formation was not seen on retrograde urethrography after stent removal. Histological examination revealed a large number of dense fibroblasts and blue-stained collagen fibers in the bare-metal stent group, whereas the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers under the mucosa was reduced in the RES group. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses showed that the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression of TGF-ß1and Smad3 was significantly decreased, and mRNA and protein expression of MMP1 was significantly increased in the RES group than that in the model ((P < 0.001) and bare-metal stent groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: RES can effectively prevent electrocoagulation-induced urethral stricture in rabbits. The mechanism may be related to the effect of rapamycin on inhibiting TGF-ß1 and Smad3 expression and promoting MMP1 expression in urethral tissues.

Effect of uncultured adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction on preventing urethral stricture formation in rats.

Urethral stricture (US) remains a challenging disease without effective treatment options due to the high recurrence rate. This study aims to evaluate the preventive effect of uncultured adipose derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) on urethral fibrosis in a rat model of US. Results demonstrated that US rats displayed hyperechogenic urethral wall with a narrowed lumen compared with sham rats, while SVF rats exhibited less extensive urethral changes. By histology, US rats showed obvious submucosal fibrosis in the urethral specimens, while SVF rats exhibited mild submucosal fibrosis with less extensive tissue changes. Furthermore, US rats showed increased gene and protein expression of collagen I (2.0 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.2, all were normalized against GAPDH, including the following), collagen III (2.5 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.1), and TGFß1R (2.8 ± 0.3, 1.9 ± 0.2), while SVF cells administration contributed to decreased gene and protein expression of collagen I (1.6 ± 0.2, 1.6 ± 0.2), collagen III (1.8 ± 0.4, 0.9 ± 0.1), and TGFß1R (1.8 ± 0.3, 1.3 ± 0.2), in parallel with the improvement of vascularization and increased expression of VEGF (1.7 ± 0.1) and bFGF (3.1 ± 0.3). Additionally, SVF served anti-inflammatory effect through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and cells, accompanied with conversion of the macrophage phenotype. Our findings suggested that uncultured SVF presented an inhibitory effect on stricture formation at an early stage of urethral fibrosis.

A novel stricture prevention technique in blunt urethral injury: A multi-center retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Bulbar injury is the most common type of urethral injury. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of a novel technique, local urethral flushing, in preventing stricture formation after blunt bulbar urethra injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 205 males diagnosed with straddle injury-induced bulbar urethra injury at the Shanxi Bethune Hospital and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University between January 2015 and January 2019. Patients were diagnosed by retrograde urethrography and classified as partial or complete urethral rupture according to the urethral integrity after injury. Complete urethral rupture patients received suprapubic cystostomy and received urethroplasty 3 months later. Patients with partial urethral rupture underwent endoscopic urethral realignment by cystoscopic guide-wire guided catheterization. Patients with both injury types were divided into 3 groups. The treatment groups received urethral flushing with 0.05% dexamethasone through a secondary ureteral catheter that locked at the urethral lesion. The blank control groups received normal saline. The negative control groups had only a single ureteral catheter placed. Patients were assessed for pain during catheterization, infection, and stenosis, and followed for at least 2 years. RESULTS: Stenosis rates and length were significantly reduced in the normal saline groups, and even further reduced in the dexamethasone groups. The negative control groups had significantly higher infection rates than patients in the dexamethasone or saline groups. CONCLUSIONS: Local urethral flushing with dexamethasone could significantly decrease urethral stenosis rates and severity without increasing patients' discomfort or infection risk.

Ability of photocurable gelatin to prevent stricture recurrence after urethral dilation in rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ability of photocurable gelatin to prevent stricture recurrence after urethral dilation in a rabbit urethral stricture model. METHODS: We created urethral strictures in the bulbar urethras of 10 male Japanese white rabbits using electrocoagulation. After 1 month, the rabbits were randomly divided into Group A (n = 5; urethral stricture dilation and the local application of photocurable gelatin using a ruthenium photoinitiator and irradiation with a light-emitting diode light [λ = 455 nm, 50 mW/cm2 ] for 1 min) and Group B (n = 5; dilation only). Urethral stricture status was evaluated 1-2 months later by retrograde urethrography and urethroscopy. The lumen ratio (urethral width at the stricture site to the normal urethral width on retrograde urethrography) was calculated. Urethral patency was considered to be improved when the urethral lumen could accommodate a 10-Fr urethroscope without resistance. Urethral specimens were harvested for histopathological examination. RESULTS: The mean lumen ratio did not differ significantly between Groups A and B before dilation (25.8% vs 23.4%; P = 0.40), but differed significantly after dilation (65.5% vs 27.3%, respectively; P = 0.03). Urethral patency improved in all rabbits in Group A (100%) versus one rabbit in Group B (20%; P = 0.02). The mean circumference of the regenerated urethral epithelium at the stricture site was larger in Group A than in Group B (14 mm vs 6.6 mm; P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Photocurable gelatin can reduce urethral stricture recurrence after dilation in a rabbit model.

Does the use of a small-size resectoscope during enucleation prevent transient urinary leakage and urethral stricture following holmium laser enucleation of the prostate?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the use of a small-size resectoscope for enucleation during holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) on the prevention of transient urinary leakage (TUL) and urethral stricture (US). METHODS: One hundred patients were included in a retrospective single-center study from January 2019 to December 2020. The patients were divided into two groups according to the resectoscope size which was used for enucleation (22F in group A [n = 40] and 26F in group B [n = 60]). Patients were evaluated at 4, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively for TUL and US. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were implemented to assess the variables which are associated with TUL at 4 weeks. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics and perioperative data were observed to be well balanced between groups. A statistically significant higher occurrence of TUL was detected at 4 weeks in group B compared to group A (P = .018). Higher improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL) was observed in group A at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. On univariate analysis, resectoscope size, specimen weight, and body mass index were significant predictive factors for TUL at 4 weeks. Multivariate analysis illustrated that the resectoscope size was independently associated with TUL at 4 weeks after HoLEP (odds ratio = 3.1 [1.02-9.38]). One patient in group A (2.5%) and two patients in group B (5%) demonstrated US (P = .648). CONCLUSION: Enucleation with a 22F resectoscope provides better QoL and IPSS by reducing TUL rates in the early postoperative period.

The use of local therapy in preventing urethral strictures: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Urethral stricture disease is a common problem amongst men in Western countries often leading to a decreased quality of life. Current endoscopic treatment procedure shows an unsatisfying stricture recurrence rate which could be improved by addition of local therapies. OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of both preclinical and clinical studies in order to investigate current level of evidence on the addition of local therapy to improve urethral stricture recurrence rates after endoscopic procedures. METHODS: We performed a literature search in December 2020 and August 2021 using Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science and identified articles through combinations of search terms for 'urethral stricture disease', 'stricture formation' and 'local interventions'. We used the SYRCLE, RoB-2 and ROBINS-I tools to assess risk of bias across included studies. We did not perform a meta-analysis due to methodological differences between studies. RESULTS: We included 32 articles in the qualitative analysis, 20 of which were preclinical studies and 12 clinical studies. Regarding preclinical articles using an animal model, nearly all interventions showed to have a positive effect on either urethral fibrosis, urethral stricture formation and/or fibrotic protein expression levels. Here, immunosuppressants and chemotherapeutics seemed most promising for possible clinical purposes. Regarding clinical studies, mitomycin-C and hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose showed positive effects on urethral stricture recurrence rates with low to intermediate risk of bias across studies. However, the positive clinical effects of mitomycin-C and steroids seemed to decrease in studies with a longer follow-up time. CONCLUSION: Although local adjuvant use of mitomycin-C or hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose may carry clinical potential to improve urethral structure recurrence rates after endoscopic procedures, we believe that a large, well-designed RCT with a yearlong follow-up time is necessary to identify the true clinical value.

The effect of proliferative hypertrophic scars on determining treatment options for preventing recurrence of vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy: a single-center cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) following retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) significantly worsens quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between proliferative hypertrophic scar formation and VUAS, and predict more appropriate surgical intervention for preventing recurrent VUAS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional single-center study on data covering January 2009 to December 2019. METHODS: Among 573 male patients who underwent RRP due to prostate cancer, 80 with VUAS were included. They were divided into two groups according to VUAS treatment method: dilatation using Amplatz renal dilators (39 patients); or endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection (41 patients). The Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the characteristics of scars that occurred for any reason before development of VUAS. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 72 months (range 12-105) after RRP, 17 patients (21.3%) had recurrence of VUAS. Although the treatment success rates were similar (79.5% versus 78.0%; P = 0.875), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that dilatation using Amplatz dilators rather than endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection in patients with VSS scores 4, 5 and 6 may significantly reduce VUAS recurrence. A strong positive relationship was observed between VSS and total number of VUAS occurrences (r: 0.689; P < 0.001). VSS score (odds ratio, OR: 5.380; P < 0.001) and time until occurrence of VUAS (OR: 1.628; P = 0.008) were the most significant predictors for VUAS recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: VSS score can be used as a prediction tool for choosing more appropriate surgical intervention, for preventing recurrent VUAS.

Triangular extension of hinge flaps: A novel technique to resolve stomal stenosis and prevent restenosis in staged buccal mucosal urethroplasty.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the utility of triangular extension of a hinge flap in buccal mucosal staged urethroplasty to resolve stomal stenosis after the first stage and ultimately prevent restenosis. METHODS: A total of 23 patients (triangular extension group) were studied in 2013-2019. In the first stage, buccal mucosa was transplanted, and an extended triangle portion of the mucosa was placed beside the proximal and/or distal stoma that was created when the stricture segment of the urethra was resected. In the second stage, during tubularization of the urethral plate, an incision was made at the stoma to increase the caliber to which the triangular extension was inserted. The procedure was considered successful when a 17-Fr flexible cystoscope passed through the reconstructed urethra at 6 months after the second-stage urethroplasty and no additional surgery or bougie dilation required. The clinical course of the triangular extension group was compared with 24 patients who underwent conventional staged urethroplasty (control group). RESULTS: In total, 20 patients from each group underwent second-stage surgery. No patients in the triangular extension group required additional revision surgery because of stomal stenosis after first-stage surgery, whereas five (20%) control patients did. Urethroplasty was successful in 19 patients (95%) in the triangular extension group and in 19 patients (95%) in the control group. Uroflowmetry after the second-stage surgery indicated that the mean maximum urinary flow rate was 21.5 and 15.8 mL/s after triangular extension and the control procedure, respectively (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: The triangular extension technique reduces the need for revision surgery and prevents postoperative restenosis.

The effect of proliferative hypertrophic scars on determining treatment options for preventing recurrence of vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy: a single-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) following retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) significantly worsens quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between proliferative hypertrophic scar formation and VUAS, and predict more appropriate surgical intervention for preventing recurrent VUAS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional single-center study on data covering January 2009 to December 2019. METHODS: Among 573 male patients who underwent RRP due to prostate cancer, 80 with VUAS were included. They were divided into two groups according to VUAS treatment method: dilatation using Amplatz renal dilators (39 patients); or endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection (41 patients). The Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the characteristics of scars that occurred for any reason before development of VUAS. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 72 months (range 12-105) after RRP, 17 patients (21.3%) had recurrence of VUAS. Although the treatment success rates were similar (79.5% versus 78.0%; P = 0.875), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that dilatation using Amplatz dilators rather than endoscopic bladder neck incision/resection in patients with VSS scores 4, 5 and 6 may significantly reduce VUAS recurrence. A strong positive relationship was observed between VSS and total number of VUAS occurrences (r: 0.689; P < 0.001). VSS score (odds ratio, OR: 5.380; P < 0.001) and time until occurrence of VUAS (OR: 1.628; P = 0.008) were the most significant predictors for VUAS recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: VSS score can be used as a prediction tool for choosing more appropriate surgical intervention, for preventing recurrent VUAS.

[Local injection of BTX-A prevents iatrogenic anterior urethral stricture in rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventive effect of local injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) against iatrogenic anterior urethral stricture (IAUS) in New Zealand male rabbits. METHODS: Sixteen adult New Zealand male rabbits were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group of equal number. The model of IAUS was established in the rabbits by incision of the ventral urethra of the penile segment and electrocoagulation of the urethral mucosa. The rabbits of the experimental group were injected with 10 U of BTX-A solution and those of the control group with 1.0 ml of normal saline into the electrocoagulated submucosa of the urethra. At 30 days after modeling, retrograde urethrography was performed and the scarred urethral tissue harvested for HE and Masson staining. RESULTS: No systemic symptoms of botulinum toxin poisoning were observed in either group of the rabbits. Retrograde urethrography showed statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups in the diameter of the urethra (ï¼»0.15 ± 0.08ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.50 ± 0.23ï¼½ cm, P < 0.05) and the stenosis ratio (3.68 ± 1.22 vs 1.29 ± 0.15, P < 0.05). Urethrography revealed obvious hyperplasia and contracture of urethral scar with high bulge and narrow urethral cavity, while HE and Masson staining exhibited absence or discontinuity of the urethral epithelium, submucosal fibrosis with infiltration of a large number of fibroblasts, and hyperplasia and thickening of collagen fibers (blue) in the control group. All the changes above were slight and the urethral epithelium was continuous in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Local injection of BTX-A reduced the incidence of iatrogenic anterior urethral stricture after iatrogenic acute heat injury in New Zealand male rabbits.

Is there a Difference in Platelet-Rich Plasma Application Method and Frequency to Protect Against Urethral Stricture?

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of instillation frequency and submucosal injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) after urethral trauma to prevent urethral inflammation and spongiofibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five rats were used in the study; 50 rats were randomized into 5 groups with 10 rats in each group and 15 rats were allocated for PRP preparation. The urethras of all rats were traumatized with a pediatric urethrotome knife at 6 and 12 o'clock positions, except in the sham group. Group 1 was the sham group and had only urethral catheterization daily for 15 days, Group 2 was given 0.9% saline (physiologic saline [(UI+PS]) once a day after urethral injury (UI+ PS), Group 3 was injected with PRP submucosally after urethral injury, Group 4 was given PRP once a day as intraurethral instillation using a 22 Ga catheter sheath with urethral injury, and Group 5 was given PRP twice a day as intraurethral instillation using a 22 Ga catheter sheath with urethral injury. Each administration of PRP was administered as 300 million platelets/150 microliters. On day 15, the penises of the rats were degloved to perform penectomy. Histopathologic evaluation was made for spongiofibrosis, inflammation, and congestion in vascular structures. RESULTS: When the sham group, UI+PS, UI+PRPx1, UI+PRPx2 and UI+PRPs groups are compared in total, there were significant differences identified for parameters other than edema. When the UI+PS, UI+PRPx1, UI+PRPx2 and UI+PRPs groups are compared, the UI+PS group was observed to have significantly more inflammation (mucosal inf. 2.42 ± 0.53) and spongiofibrosis (2.42 ± 0.53). All the PRP groups were identified to have significantly less mucosal inflammation (UI+PRPs 1 ± 0, UI + PRPx1; 1.4 ± 0.51, PRPx2; 1.33 ± 0.5) and spongiofibrosis (UI+PRPs; 1.57 ± 0.53, PRPx1; 1.2 ± 0.42, PRPx2; 1.55 ± 0.52). The group with the lowest spongiofibrosis was the PRPx1 group. CONCLUSION: This study showed that PRP significantly reduced mucosal inflammation and spongiofibrosis, independent of the administration route, when applied to the urethra after urethral trauma.